NZ's smoking rates dropped dramatically thanks to a hard-hitting campaign. Could we do the same to bring emissions down?

New Zealand has the highest per capita car ownership in the OECD^[1], and reducing emissions from the transport sector is seen as a wicked problem^[2].

As part of its recently released advice^[3] for the government’s first emissions reduction plan, the Climate Change Commission^[4] is calling for a public education campaign^[5] similar to anti-smoking ads to create a social movement away from cars.

Transport accounts for 21%^[6] of New Zealand’s annual greenhouse gas emissions and is the fastest growing source of emissions^[7]. We clearly need to reduce transport emissions dramatically.

And the commission is right that tobacco control has lessons to offer for transport decarbonisation.

Changing the system

Decades of investment in a car-based transport system has baked car dependency^[8] into New Zealanders’ expectations of how we live and travel.

Once people are used to a particular system, it is hard to see the extent of change needed^[9] and mechanisms to make it happen^[10].

The decades-long tobacco control programme offers an exemplar in creating social (and behaviour) change on the scale the commission wants to see. But the lessons are broader than a public education campaign.

Read more: Thank you for not driving: Climate change requires anti-smoking tactics^[11]

One of the key lessons from tobacco control is the need to intervene in multiple levels to reshape the entire system. This includes:

• interventions at the policy level (taxation on tobacco products, advertising and sponsorship bans)
• creating environments that support being smoke-free (no smoking in public places such as bars, playgrounds, workplaces; plain packaging)
• community action (community-based tobacco control programmes such as Aukati Kaipaipa^[12])
• helping individual smokers to quit
• reorienting health services to promote tobacco control by requiring health providers to collect and report on smoking status.

Combined, these interventions have reduced smoking rates from 36%^[13] in 1976 to 13%^[14] in 2020. We moved from a society where smoking was ubiquitous (remember smoking in planes, bars, restaurants and workplaces?) to one where smoking is no longer seen as a “normal” activity.

Importantly, tobacco control interventions now enjoy a high level of support^[15], including often from smokers. These wide-ranging environmental interventions created behavioural change and support for further interventions.

Making it easier for people to change

Evidence from public health shows policy interventions that go hand in hand with supportive environments are likely to make the biggest difference^[16] in behaviour changes.

These interventions include taxation, advertising restrictions and changes to product availability. They can shift the behaviour of the entire population^[17].

Mass media campaigns need to be treated with caution as some evidence suggests they may increase inequities^[18]. Education campaigns are largely futile if there is no accompanying environment to support the promoted behaviour change.

For example, the health sector has a long history of telling people to exercise more and eat a better diet to reduce obesity. But it has achieved little in the way of environmental changes^[19] compared with tobacco control.

This sub-optimal approach is reflected in the lack of change in obesity rates since 2012/13^[20]. The prevalence of obesity among adults remained stable at 30.9% (an estimated 1.24 million adults), and even increased in the age groups of 45–54 years and 55–64 years.

Read more: What can obesity control learn from tobacco control’s success?^[21]

The Genless^[22] campaign run by the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (ECCA^[23]) is also a good example of an education campaign asking people to make individual choices to reduce emissions in an environment that doesn’t support them.

Equity concerns

International evidence^[24] shows that disadvantaged groups experience fewer of the benefits (access to healthcare) and more of the harms (injury, noise and exposure to air pollution) of the transport system. Disadvantaged groups also contribute least^[25] to transport emissions. Local New Zealand evidence is patchy but suggests similar patterns^[26].

How do we reduce existing transport inequalities and emissions at the same time? Firstly, we need to recognise that a low-carbon transport system with more walking, cycling and public transport options is likely to be a fairer transport system^[27] for the whole population. It also makes our cities nicer places for us all.

Secondly, the types of interventions we select to transform the system are important. Interventions that rely on a large amount of individual effort (material, time, cognitive or psychological) are likely to be less effective and increase inequalities^[28].

For example, if the goal is to improve the efficiency of the vehicle fleet, providing information on fuel efficiency is likely to be far less effective than regulating for minimum standards.

But we also need to acknowledge that even well designed interventions that benefit everyone have nevertheless been taken up more by already advantaged populations and therefore increased inequalities^[29]. While smoking has reduced in all groups, it has reduced most in advantaged groups and large differences between groups remain^[30].

We need to do better in transport^[31]. We need a comprehensive plan (at multiple levels) aimed at equitably opening up our streets and cities to low-carbon travel.

The uptake of cycling in Vancouver^[32] is an international example of a comprehensive approach which achieved changes relatively rapidly. The lessons from tobacco control, and public health more generally, can help us chose the types of interventions that will make the most difference and design them to minimise inequalities.

References

1. ^{^} per capita car ownership in the OECD (www.oecd-ilibrary.org)
2. ^{^} wicked problem (theconversation.com)
3. ^{^} advice (www.climatecommission.govt.nz)
4. ^{^} Climate Change Commission (www.climatecommission.govt.nz)
5. ^{^} public education campaign (www.stuff.co.nz)
6. ^{^} accounts for 21% (www.transport.govt.nz)
7. ^{^} fastest growing source of emissions (www.mfe.govt.nz)
8. ^{^} car dependency (www.sciencedirect.com)
9. ^{^} extent of change needed (www.sciencedirect.com)
10. ^{^} mechanisms to make it happen (www.tandfonline.com)
11. ^{^} Thank you for not driving: Climate change requires anti-smoking tactics (theconversation.com)
12. ^{^} Aukati Kaipaipa (korowai.org.nz)
13. ^{^} 36% (tobaccocontrol.bmj.com)
14. ^{^} 13% (www.health.govt.nz)
15. ^{^} high level of support (www.otago.ac.nz)
16. ^{^} make the biggest difference (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
17. ^{^} shift the behaviour of the entire population (academic.oup.com)
18. ^{^} increase inequities (jech.bmj.com)
19. ^{^} little in the way of environmental changes (www.newsroom.co.nz)
20. ^{^} since 2012/13 (www.health.govt.nz)
21. ^{^} What can obesity control learn from tobacco control’s success? (theconversation.com)
22. ^{^} Genless (genless.govt.nz)
23. ^{^} ECCA (www.eeca.govt.nz)
24. ^{^} evidence (www.inequalityintransport.org.uk)
25. ^{^} contribute least (linkinghub.elsevier.com)
26. ^{^} similar patterns (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
27. ^{^} fairer transport system (www.sciencedirect.com)
28. ^{^} be less effective and increase inequalities (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
29. ^{^} increased inequalities (bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com)
30. ^{^} differences between groups remain (www.health.govt.nz)
31. ^{^} transport (az659834.vo.msecnd.net)
32. ^{^} uptake of cycling in Vancouver (vancouver.ca)