Australia has moved into a new phase of reckoning after the Bondi Beach terror attack of 14 December 2025, with the Prime Minister announcing a Commonwealth royal commission led by former High Court justice Virginia Bell — an inquiry that, crucially, carries the strongest coercive powers available in public investigations, including the ability to summon witnesses, require documents, and take evidence under oath.

For many Australians — and especially for the Jewish community targeted at the “Chanukah by the Sea” gathering — the words that matter most are simple: this inquiry can compel people to appear and answer.

That legal distinction is now shaping the national mood: relief that the inquiry is real and powerful, anger that it took so long, and an urgent argument over what, exactly, the commission should prioritise — antisemitism as a social force, intelligence and policing failures, border and visa settings, online radicalisation, hate speech, firearms, or all of the above.

Why “the power to compel witnesses” changes everything

Australia has seen many reviews after tragedy — internal agency reviews, inspector-general reports, parliamentary inquiries, and state-based processes. But a Commonwealth royal commission sits at the top of the hierarchy for one reason: it’s built to cut through the institutional reflex to delay, redact, deflect, or deny.

A royal commission can:

• Issue summonses to require witnesses to attend (including senior officials and, in some circumstances, ministers).

• Compel production of documents and records across agencies where lawful.

• Take evidence under oath, allowing inconsistencies to be tested in public hearings.

That doesn’t mean it replaces criminal proceedings. It’s expected to be structured to avoid prejudicing the court process against the accused while still examining “how this happened” and what should change.

What the royal commission will look at

Reporting around the terms of reference converges on four broad buckets:

1. The nature, drivers and spread of antisemitism in Australia

2. The circumstances leading to the Bondi attack and system-level warning signs

3. The performance and coordination of law enforcement, intelligence, borders and related institutions

4. Recommendations to strengthen social cohesion and reduce extremist violence risk

The Guardian reports the commission will deliver an interim report by April and a final report by 14 December 2026 (the first anniversary).

A pre-existing intelligence review being led by former senior official Dennis Richardson is expected to be folded into or aligned with the royal commission’s work.

The immediate reaction: relief — “Finally, the right level of inquiry”

Across coverage, the first and most consistent reaction is a form of grim relief: a national-level inquiry with teeth is now on the record.

Why that matters, in plain language: if agencies or officials “can’t comment”, a royal commission can often press further, demand records, and put contested timelines and decisions under formal scrutiny.

The Financial Times notes the commission’s authority to summon ministers and law enforcement for questioning — precisely the kind of power that supporters say is required to restore confidence.

The Jewish community response: welcome — but with a demand for outcomes, not symbolism

Reporting indicates Jewish community leaders broadly welcomed the announcement, while stressing that the commission must produce actionable reforms that materially improve community safety and reduce hate.

The concern beneath the welcome is familiar: commissions can generate powerful narratives and thick reports — but communities living with threats want clear changes in policing posture, online enforcement, and prevention strategies, not only “lessons learned”.

Victims’ families: “long overdue” — and anger at process and consultation

One of the sharpest reactions has come from families of victims, where the mood is described as a mix of grief, anger, and determination.

Some families have publicly welcomed the inquiry as overdue, but also said they were not consulted before the announcement — a complaint that goes directly to trust, legitimacy, and whether families feel the process is being done with them or merely to them.

That dynamic matters because it can shape everything that follows: whether families participate confidently, whether they believe key questions will be asked, and whether the commission is seen as truth-seeking or politically reactive.

Political reactions: bipartisan support in principle — but immediate fights about scope and structure

Politically, the announcement landed in a charged environment: intense pressure had been building for a Commonwealth-level inquiry, including criticism of any approach seen as too narrow or too dependent on state processes.

Key fault-lines emerging in reactions:

• “One commissioner isn’t enough”: There are calls (reported in News Corp coverage) arguing the inquiry should include additional commissioners with deep security expertise and/or community representation, to strengthen credibility and breadth.

• Jurisdiction and reach: The case for a federal commission has been repeatedly framed around its ability to examine Commonwealth responsibilities and national institutions — and to create a uniform national picture rather than a patchwork of state-led processes.

Even among supporters, there’s a warning: if the terms become too expansive (everything from social media to migration to school curricula), the commission could be pulled in competing directions — and struggle to deliver reforms fast enough to matter.

Experts and commentators: coercive power is vital — but commissions aren’t magic

Legal and academic explainers have emphasised why coercive powers matter — particularly where agencies may be reluctant to share information that is reputationally damaging or operationally sensitive.

At the same time, critics argue royal commissions can become expensive theatres that don’t necessarily produce the accountability the public expects — a reminder that compelling witnesses is only the first step; what matters is what is asked, what is revealed, and whether governments implement the recommendations.

That tension is now part of the national argument: supporters say only a royal commission can force a full accounting; skeptics say it can produce heat without structural change.

What people want answered — the “non-negotiable” questions

Across reactions, several questions recur:

• What was known, when, and by whom? (threat streams, warnings, assessments)

• Were there preventable failures in intelligence sharing, policing posture, or protective security?

• How did online radicalisation and hate ecosystems contribute, and what levers does Australia realistically have to disrupt them?

• What should change now — laws, resources, coordination, community protection — that can be measured 6 and 12 months from today?

These aren’t abstract queries. They’re the core of why the power to compel witnesses matters: because the country wants a tested, documented narrative — not rumours, fragments, or political talking points.

The road ahead: a rare chance to rebuild trust — or deepen division

A royal commission can be a national circuit-breaker: it can replace speculation with a verified timeline, force agencies into the open, and put prevention on a more serious footing.

But it can also become a new battleground — about antisemitism, migration, social media, policing, protest, national identity — and about whether the inquiry is seen as even-handed or ideologically driven.

That’s why reactions matter now. This commission is not simply a legal process; it’s becoming a test of whether Australia can hold two ideas at once:

• that a targeted antisemitic terror attack demands uncompromising moral clarity, and

• that a credible national response requires calm, rigorous scrutiny — with compelled witnesses, compelled documents, and answers that survive cross-examination.

If the commission delivers that — and if governments act on what it finds — the “power to compel” won’t just be a technical legal phrase. It will be the mechanism by which Australia turns grief into reform.

Meanwhile, the "experts" who advised Anthony Albanese that a Royal Commission will not be required, might like to reflect.