There's a long and devastating history behind the proposal for a nuclear waste dump in South Australia

On Saturday at the Adelaide Festival there will a public showing of Australian Atomic Confessions^[1], a documentary I co-directed about the tragic and long-lasting effects of the atomic weapons testing carried out by Britain in South Australia in the 1950s.

Amid works from 20 artists reflecting on nuclear trauma as experienced by Indigenous peoples, the discussion^[2] that follows will focus on the ways in which attempts at nuclear colonisation have continued in South Australia, and are continuing right now.

For the fourth time in 23 years South Australia is being targeted for a nuclear waste dump^[3] — this time at Napandee, a property near Kimba on the Eyre Peninsula.

The plan is likely to require the use of a port^[4], most probably Whyalla^[5], to receive reprocessed nuclear fuel waste by sea from France, the United Kingdom and the Lucas Heights reactor in NSW via Port Kembla.

The waste will be stored above ground^[7] in concrete vaults which will be filled for 100 years and monitored for a further 200-300 years.

Nuclear waste can remain hazardous for thousands of years^[8].

The Barngarla people^[9] hold cultural rights and responsibilities for the region but were excluded from a government poll about the proposal because they were not deemed to be local residents^[10].

The 734 locals who took part backed the proposal 61.6%^[11]

The Barngarla people are far from the first in South Australia to be excluded from a say about proposals to spread nuclear materials over their land.

Australian Atomic Confessions^[12] explores the legacy of the nine British atomic bombs dropped on Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s, and the “minor trials” that continued into the 1960s.

After failed clean-ups by the British in the 1960s followed by a Royal Commission^[13] in the 1980s, the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency conducted a cleanup between 1995 and 2000 it assures us was successful^[14] to the point where most of the contaminated areas at Maralinga fall well within the clean-up standards applied for unrestricted land use.

But experts remain sceptical^[15], given the near-surface burial of plutonium and contamination remaining across a wide area.

The Tjarutja people are allowed to move through and hunt at the Maralinga site with their radiation levels monitored but are not permitted to camp there permanently^[16].

We are told that what happened in the 1950s wouldn’t happen today, in relation to the proposed nuclear waste dump. But it wasn’t our enemies who bombed us at Maralinga and Emu Field, it was an ally.

In exchange for allowing 12 British atomic bombs tests (including those at the Monte Bello Islands off the northern coast of Western Australia), the Australian government got access to nuclear technology which it used to build the Lucas Heights reactor.

It is primarily the nuclear waste produced from six decades of operations at Lucas Heights that would be dumped onto Barngarla country in South Australia, closing the links in this nuclear trauma chain.

Read more: Sixty years on, Maralinga reminds us not to put security over safety^[18]

Nuclear bombs and nuclear waste disproportionately impact Indigenous peoples, yet Australia still has not signed up^[19] to the United Nations Declaration^[20] on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The declaration requires states to ensure there is no storage or disposal of hazardous materials on the lands of Indigenous peoples without their free, prior and informed consent.

Article 29, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples^[21] Nor has Australia shown any willingness to sign up to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons^[22] which came into force on January 22 this year after a lobbying campaign that began in Australia^[23] and was endorsed by Indigenous leaders^[24] worldwide. Aboriginal people have long known the dangers of uranium on their country. Water from the Great Artesian Basin has been extracted by the Olympic Dam copper-uranium mine for decades. Fragile mound springs^[25] of spiritual significance to the Arabunna People^[26] are disappearing, posing questions^[27] for the mining giant BHP to answer. Artworks on display at The Image is not Nothing at the Adelaide Festival. Josh Geelen^[28] Australian uranium from BHP Olympic Dam and the now-closed Rio Tinto Ranger mine fuelled the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster^[29]. Senior traditional custodian of the Mirrar people^[30], Yvonne Margarula, wrote to the United Nations in 2013 saying her people feel responsible^[31] for what happened. It is likely that the radiation problems at Fukushima are, at least in part, fuelled by uranium derived from our traditional lands. This makes us feel very sad. The Irati Wanti^[32] (The Poison, Leave It!) campaign led by a council of senior Aboriginal women helped defeat earlier proposals for nuclear waste dumps between 1998 and 2004. There remains strong Indigenous opposition^[33] to the current nuclear waste proposal. Over the past five years, farmers^[34] have joined with the Barngarla People to protect their communities and the health of the land. Read more: Friday essay: the silence of Ediacara, the shadow of uranium^[35] In 2020 the government introduced into the Senate a bill that would do away with traditional owners’ and farmers’ rights to judicial reviews and procedural fairness^[36] in regard to the use of land for the facility. Resources Minister Keith Pitt is deciding how to proceed.

References

1. ^{^} Australian Atomic Confessions (cloudstor.aarnet.edu.au)
2. ^{^} discussion (www.facebook.com)
3. ^{^} nuclear waste dump (nuclear.foe.org.au)
4. ^{^} port (www.industry.gov.au)
5. ^{^} Whyalla (www.whyallanewsonline.com.au)
6. ^{^} Department of Industry (www.industry.gov.au)
7. ^{^} above ground (www.aph.gov.au)
8. ^{^} thousands of years (world-nuclear.org)
9. ^{^} Barngarla people (www.barngarla.com)
10. ^{^} local residents (www.abc.net.au)
11. ^{^} 61.6% (www.abc.net.au)
12. ^{^} Australian Atomic Confessions (www.youtube.com)
13. ^{^} Royal Commission (en.wikipedia.org)
14. ^{^} successful (www.arpansa.gov.au)
15. ^{^} sceptical (nuclear.foe.org.au)
16. ^{^} permanently (www.abc.net.au)
17. ^{^} Sandro Sulaberidze (www.adelaidefestival.com.au)
18. ^{^} Sixty years on, Maralinga reminds us not to put security over safety (theconversation.com)
19. ^{^} not signed up (www.un.org)
20. ^{^} United Nations Declaration (www.un.org)
21. ^{^} Article 29, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (www.un.org)
22. ^{^} Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (www.icanw.org)
23. ^{^} Australia (www.nobelprize.org)
24. ^{^} Indigenous leaders (swuraniumimpacts.org)
25. ^{^} mound springs (www.samemory.sa.gov.au)
26. ^{^} Arabunna People (www.arabana.com.au)
27. ^{^} questions (www.theage.com.au)
28. ^{^} Josh Geelen (www.adelaidefestival.com.au)
29. ^{^} Fukushima nuclear disaster (theecologist.org)
30. ^{^} Mirrar people (www.mirarr.net)
31. ^{^} responsible (www.minesandcommunities.org)
32. ^{^} Irati Wanti (www.foe.org.au)
33. ^{^} Indigenous opposition (www.aph.gov.au)
34. ^{^} farmers (www.facebook.com)
35. ^{^} Friday essay: the silence of Ediacara, the shadow of uranium (theconversation.com)
36. ^{^} judicial reviews and procedural fairness (parlinfo.aph.gov.au)