Who were they and what did they do?

This year marks a significant milestone for women in policing: the 125th anniversary of the first official recognition of a police matron in Australia.

However, women worked in this role for at least 50 years before receiving official recognition.

Known as “police matrons”, these women opened the door for other women to move into the police force as officers, yet their role is still unrecognised or dismissed as an extension of her husband’s policing duties.

While many Australians will have never heard of them, they were trailblazers for women in law enforcement.

Read more: Hidden women of history: Kate Cocks, the pioneering policewoman who fought crime and ran a home for babies – but was no saint^[1]

The female touch in policing

During the Victorian era, it was considered inappropriate for men to touch a woman who was not their wife or an immediate family member. This made men policing women (at least of certain social classes) difficult, particularly if they needed to search a female suspect. To get around this, police began to call on women to search arrestees for them.

Initially, these might have been whoever was nearby – a woman living near the police station^[2], for example. But quickly it was recognised that a “female touch” was also helpful for comforting lost children, talking to female victims of crime, and occasionally soothing an unruly male arrestee. Neighbourhood women were not viewed as entirely suited for these more complex roles, but the wives of police officers were.

In Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, early police stations had both temporary holding cells (a lock-up) and a residence for a police officer. The officer living on site was frequently married – these women became police matrons^[3].

Police matrons in the Victorian era searched female offenders, were responsible for lost or arrested children, kept watch over mentally unwell inmates, and occasionally allowed families facing violence at home to stay in the station.

They also performed tasks we would not generally associate with the work of a police officer. They cleaned and maintained the cells, mended clothes, and hosted clothing drives for the poor. The police stations sometimes doubled as neighbourhood medical centres. These were all tasks that fell to the police matron. They fit within assumptions of the period regarding the natural, nurturing role of women^[4].

Discrimination leading to innovation Because these tasks were viewed as “naturally” women’s work, questions regarding compensation were skirted. For decades, these were not formal appointments. The matrons were not sworn in, they did not have access to a police pension, and they did not have any authority over male inmates (or male officers). A few received a modest stipend based on the number of searches they conducted or if they performed an extended psychiatric watch. These matrons would be on-call 24 hours a day, and diaries kept by early matrons^[5] show the long hours they kept. Yet their activities were viewed as an extension of their husband’s role, not requiring separate pay. These women did not go on patrol or have powers to arrest. But there is evidence that police matrons performed tasks that align with current approaches to policing. For example, a key role of male police in the early Victorian era was to prevent crime by being out in the community: an officer’s presence alone would often deter offending. Police matrons rarely worked outside of the station, but they did get to know the needs of their community and tried to identify causes of crime. They became advocates, trying to address what they saw as the root causes of crime: excessive consumption of alcohol leading to the violent breakdown of families. Matrons advocated for increased regulation of alcohol and for stations to provide sanctuary for domestic violence victims.

References

1. ^{^} Hidden women of history: Kate Cocks, the pioneering policewoman who fought crime and ran a home for babies – but was no saint (theconversation.com)
2. ^{^} a woman living near the police station (www.clevelandpolicemuseum.org)
3. ^{^} police matrons (electricscotland.com)
4. ^{^} nurturing role of women (www.britannica.com)
5. ^{^} diaries kept by early matrons (curiosity.lib.harvard.edu)
6. ^{^} Women have made many inroads in policing, but barriers remain to achieving gender equity (theconversation.com)
7. ^{^} attracted nearly 500 applications (www.police.nsw.gov.au)
8. ^{^} 30% of police in Australia (www.smh.com.au)