Mathematics has been the broccoli of school subjects for generations of Australian teenagers.

Often pushed aside, dreaded, or even feared, nearly one third of students^[1] opt out of any senior maths courses.

This has serious implications for Australia’s future. As an Australian Academy of Science report^[2] warned on Thursday, we need people with maths skills to support a whole range of careers in science. This includes agricultural science, artificial intelligence, data science, biotechnology and climate science.

The skills we gain during school mathematics – problem-solving, pattern-finding, reasoning logically, and computational thinking – are essential to the work of many STEM careers.

The challenge is turning maths from broccoli to the ingredient every student wants on their plate for their future. So, what can we do?

Read more: New report reveals glaring gaps between Australia's future needs and science capabilities^[3]

What has been happening with high school maths?

Across Australia, there has been a decline^[4] in students studying maths in years 11 and 12 since the 1990s. Today, only 8.4%^[5] of Australian high school students study the most difficult level of maths.

There are diverse reasons explaining why students opt out of maths during school.

Many students struggle to see the relevance^[6] of the maths they are learning for their future. Others have low self-confidence^[7] and avoid maths, believing they are not capable. An increasing range of senior subjects^[8] has also led to students being drawn to more enticing alternatives.

What can parents do?

Research shows^[9] parents’ attitudes towards maths can predict the attitudes their children will have towards the subject.

This means we need to be careful as parents. If we have negative attitudes towards maths due to our own anxieties or past struggles, this can affect^[10] our children’s attitudes and performance too.

Instead, parents should try to focus on the positive aspects of maths.

For example, this is a subject where you learn about the mechanics of the world, rather than a subject to be endured before moving to the “fun” stuff. Maths can come alive once we notice how we use it in sports, art, cooking, travel, money management and games.

Parents can also be curious co-learners with their children – we never need to have all the answers ourselves. But showing interest, having a growth mindset^[11] (a belief you can improve your abilities through effort), and asking questions can support students’^[12] positive attitudes and performance in maths.

You can also talk to your child about why mastering maths is central to a wide range of occupations^[13], from coding to trades, retail, nursing, animation and architecture.

Read more: 'Maths anxiety' is a real thing. Here are 3 ways to help your child cope^[14]

What should schools do?

Research suggests^[15] 20% of 15-year-old boys and 33% of 15-year-old girls do not think maths will be relevant to their future.

So we need a new approach to careers advice in schools. Students need adequate support from informed adults to make accurate judgements about career pathways – emphasising how maths can help^[16].

On top of this, schools could consider the ways in which mathematics is celebrated and promoted in schools. While music, drama, and sport days are regular features of the school calendar, maths is rarely included. Exciting maths competitions and maths days are prime opportunities to show students how important maths is in our world.

What about teachers?

Some of us may remember maths lessons as rather dry with a focus on lots of questions and whether something was “wrong” or “right”.

So teachers who make maths engaging^[17] for students and maximise opportunities for success are crucial.

This involves making abstract mathematics real^[18] (how does this concept apply to something physical in the real world?).

Teachers should also provide step-by-step support^[19] to students (what educators call “scaffolding”), so young people experience a sense of achievement and success with maths. Success builds motivation, creating an upward spiral of positive maths experiences.

What can governments do?

The alarm bells over maths participation have been raised for 30 years, with government funding^[20] supporting research into this phenomenon.

Despite this, the declines persist, and gender gaps in maths have widened, with more boys doing maths^[21] and more boys achieving higher marks^[22].

So while governments should continue to support research into this matter, they should prioritise translating it into practical strategies for schools and teachers.

Some evidence-based approaches include:

Getting kids back into maths

Maths participation is both a national concern and something we should all be personally attuned to.

The lifestyles of future generations will be dependent on our capacity to be STEM innovators.

At an individual level, when students opt-out of mathematics, they are potentially closing many doors in their lives and career.

References

1. ^{^} one third of students (amsi.org.au)
2. ^{^} report (www.science.org.au)
3. ^{^} New report reveals glaring gaps between Australia's future needs and science capabilities (theconversation.com)
4. ^{^} there has been a decline (search.informit.org)
5. ^{^} only 8.4% (amsi.org.au)
6. ^{^} struggle to see the relevance (merga.net.au)
7. ^{^} low self-confidence (schools.amsi.org.au)
8. ^{^} increasing range of senior subjects (link.springer.com)
9. ^{^} shows (onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
10. ^{^} this can affect (www.sciencedirect.com)
11. ^{^} growth mindset (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
12. ^{^} can support students’ (link.springer.com)
13. ^{^} wide range of occupations (careers.amsi.org.au)
14. ^{^} 'Maths anxiety' is a real thing. Here are 3 ways to help your child cope (theconversation.com)
15. ^{^} suggests (research.acer.edu.au)
16. ^{^} how maths can help (www.mathematicshub.edu.au)
17. ^{^} make maths engaging (kclpure.kcl.ac.uk)
18. ^{^} making abstract mathematics real (www.researchgate.net)
19. ^{^} step-by-step support (link.springer.com)
20. ^{^} government funding (www.education.gov.au)
21. ^{^} more boys doing maths (amsi.org.au)
22. ^{^} more boys achieving higher marks (www.abc.net.au)