The federal government’s announcement of a A$600 million rescue package^[1] for Glencore’s copper smelting and refining operations in Mount Isa and Townsville marks a definitive shift in Australia’s industry policy.

The announcement follows the $2.4 billion rescue of the Whyalla^[2] steelworks, and a smaller assistance package for metals smelter Nyrstar^[3].

At the time it was announced, the Whyalla rescue could be seen as a one-off special case. The steelworks’ owner, Sanjeev Gupta, had run into financial difficulties associated with the collapse of its major financier, Greensill Capital. The rescue plan included support for a transition from unsustainable blast furnace technology to “green steel”, though this remains problematic.

By contrast, Swiss giant Glencore^[4] is a highly profitable corporation that has made a business decision to close its copper operations. The bailout will keep those operations going for three years, after which the same issue will likely re-emerge.

In combination with the Nyrstar bailout, we now see an expectation that federal and state governments will undertake such rescues regularly, on a 50-50 cost-sharing basis.

A final break with neoliberalism

This shift marks a final break with the policy framework (variously called “neoliberalism^[5]” or “economic rationalism”) under which intervention of this kind was seen as an undesirable “distortion” of the market, to be undertaken only in emergencies, if at all. The underlying assumption was that market signals would yield the most efficient allocation of resources.

This shift is not occurring in isolation. Neoliberal ideas have been in retreat since the global financial crisis of 2008.

China has presented its own, state-led model as a superior alternative, and has sought to use control of “critical minerals” as an instrument of geopolitical strategy. Its plan last week to tighten export controls^[6] on critical minerals sparked an angry response from US President Donald Trump, who threatened to impose 100% tariffs on China in retaliation.

The US has been backing away from free-trade ideas since the election of the first Trump administration in 2016, and has now abandoned them altogether.

More questions than answers

But it is one thing to abandon the dogmas of neoliberalism. It is quite another to develop a coherent alternative.

A framework that includes bailouts of mineral processing operations as a routine policy tool raises some major questions.

• What are the criteria for such a bailout?
• What, if anything, should the public receive in return?
• What (presumably) unintended consequences arise if failing operations receive assistance, while their competitors do not?

In the light of recent policy discussions, it might seem sensible to focus on minerals deemed “critical” in the context of digital technology and the clean energy transition. Australia maintains a list of these minerals^[7].

However, the recent rescues have been for minerals (iron, lead, zinc and copper) not on this list, although both zinc and copper are classed as as “strategic^[8]”.

Looking at evidence from the United States^[9], United Kingdom^[10] and European Union^[11], as well as Australia, is unhelpful, as it expands the list of minerals considered “critical” in at least one major jurisdiction to well over 50 elements. Only a handful of naturally occurring metals (including silver, cadmium, gold, mercury and technetium) fail to make at least one of these lists.