Experiencing extreme weather and disasters is not enough to change views on climate action, study shows

Climate change has made extreme weather events such as bushfires and floods more frequent and more likely in recent years^[1], and the trend is expected to continue^[2]. These events have led to human^[3] and animal^[4] deaths, harmed physical^[5] and mental^[6] health, and damaged properties^[7] and infrastructure^[8].

Will firsthand experience of these events change how people think and act^[9] about climate change, making it seem immediate and local^[10] rather than a distant or future problem?

Research so far has offered a mixed picture. Some studies suggest going through extreme weather can make people more likely to believe in climate change^[11], worry about it^[12], support climate policies^[13], and vote for Green parties^[14]. But other studies have found no such effects on people’s beliefs^[15], concern^[16], or behaviour^[17].

New research^[18] led by Viktoria Cologna at ETH Zurich in Switzerland may help to explain what’s going on. Using data from around the world, the study suggests simple exposure to extreme weather events does not affect people’s view of climate action – but linking those events to climate change can make a big difference.

Global opinion, global weather

The new study, published in Nature Climate Change, looked at the question of extreme weather and climate opinion using two global datasets.

The first is the Trust in Science and Science-related Populism (TISP^[19]) survey, which includes responses from more than 70,000 people in 68 countries. It measures public support for climate policies and the extent that people think climate change is behind increases in extreme weather.

The second dataset estimates how much of each country’s population has been affected each year by events such as droughts, floods, heatwaves and storms. These estimates are based on detailed models and historical climate records^[20].

Public support for climate policies

The survey measured public support for climate policy by asking people how much they supported five specific actions to cut carbon emissions. These included raising carbon taxes, improving public transport, using more renewable energy, protecting forests and land, and taxing carbon-heavy foods.

Responses ranged from 1 (not at all) to 3 (very much). On average, support was fairly strong, with an average rating of 2.37 across the five policies. Support was especially high in parts of South Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania, but lower in countries such as Russia, Czechia and Ethiopia.

Exposure to extreme weather events

The study found most people around the world have experienced heatwaves and heavy rainfall in recent decades. Wildfires affected fewer people in many European and North American countries, but were more common in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Cyclones mostly impacted North America and Asia, while droughts affected large populations in Asia, Latin America and Africa. River flooding was widespread across most regions, except Oceania.

Do people in countries with higher exposure to extreme weather events show greater support for climate policies? This study found they don’t.

In most cases, living in a country where more people are exposed to disasters was not reflected in stronger support for climate action.

Wildfires were the only exception. Countries with more wildfire exposure showed slightly higher support, but this link disappeared once factors such as land size and overall climate belief were considered.

In short, just experiencing more disasters does not seem to translate into increased support for mitigation efforts.

Seeing the link between weather and climate change

In the global survey, people were asked how much they think climate change has increased the impact of extreme weather over recent decades. On average, responses were moderately high (3.8 out of 5) suggesting that many people do link recent weather events to climate change.

Such an attribution was especially strong in Latin America, but lower in parts of Africa (such as Congo and Ethiopia) and Northern Europe (such as Finland and Norway).

Crucially, people who more strongly believed climate change had worsened these events were also more likely to support climate policies. In fact, this belief mattered more for policy support than whether they had actually experienced the events firsthand.

What does this study tell us?

While public support for climate policies is relatively high around the world^[21], even more support is needed to introduce stronger, more ambitious measures^[22]. It might seem reasonable to expect that feeling the effects of climate change would push people to act, but this study suggests that doesn’t always happen.

Prior research shows less dramatic and chronic events like rainfall^[23] or temperature^[24] anomalies have less influence on public views than more acute hazards like floods^[25] or bushfires^[26]. Even then, the influence on beliefs and behaviour tends to be slow and limited^[27].

This study shows climate impacts alone may not change minds. However, it also highlights what may affect public thinking: helping people recognise the link between climate change and extreme weather events.

In countries such as Australia^[28], climate change makes up only about 1% of media coverage. What’s more, most of the coverage focuses on social or political aspects rather than scientific, ecological, or economic impacts.

Many stories about disasters linked to climate change also fail to mention the link^[29], or indeed mention climate change at all. Making these connections clearer^[30] may encourage stronger public support for climate action.

References

1. ^{^} events such as bushfires and floods more frequent and more likely in recent years (www.ncei.noaa.gov)
2. ^{^} expected to continue (www.ipcc.ch)
3. ^{^} human (www.abc.net.au)
4. ^{^} animal (www.abc.net.au)
5. ^{^} physical (www.who.int)
6. ^{^} mental (www.nature.com)
7. ^{^} properties (www.afr.com)
8. ^{^} infrastructure (www.epa.gov)
9. ^{^} change how people think and act (www.nature.com)
10. ^{^} immediate and local (psycnet.apa.org)
11. ^{^} believe in climate change (www.sciencedirect.com)
12. ^{^} worry about it (www.frontiersin.org)
13. ^{^} support climate policies (www.sciencedirect.com)
14. ^{^} vote for Green parties (www.nature.com)
15. ^{^} beliefs (iopscience.iop.org)
16. ^{^} concern (link.springer.com)
17. ^{^} behaviour (www.journals.uchicago.edu)
18. ^{^} New research (www.nature.com)
19. ^{^} TISP (www.nature.com)
20. ^{^} detailed models and historical climate records (gmd.copernicus.org)
21. ^{^} is relatively high around the world (osf.io)
22. ^{^} introduce stronger, more ambitious measures (www.tandfonline.com)
23. ^{^} rainfall (www.sciencedirect.com)
24. ^{^} temperature (link.springer.com)
25. ^{^} floods (www.cambridge.org)
26. ^{^} bushfires (www.sciencedirect.com)
27. ^{^} slow and limited (www.nature.com)
28. ^{^} Australia (www.sciencedirect.com)
29. ^{^} fail to mention the link (journals.ametsoc.org)
30. ^{^} Making these connections clearer (iopscience.iop.org)