Lessons from segregated schools can help make today's classrooms more inclusive

The intent of school desegregation is clear: Black and white children should attend the same schools, and Black children should not be relegated to inferior buildings, learning materials and extracurricular activities.

While separate-but-equal is no longer legal^[1], the reality is that today many Black children do not experience^[2] inclusive public school education. Inclusive education not only responds to the needs, interests and backgrounds of Black children, but it also incorporates diverse learning – such as not teaching predominantly white history.

As scholars of inclusive education^[3], particularly for Black and deaf students^[4], we believe public schools need to do much more to serve the needs of these children.

Shared experiences

Before the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education^[5] decision, Black children attended segregated schools that were full of Black teachers and other leaders who shared their Black experience^[6].

These adults passed along spoken and unspoken rules about living while Black in the United States. A contemporary example might be teaching and role modeling confidence^[7] in the face of negative stereotypes and statistics. For example, having just one Black teacher by third grade reduces the risk of Black boys dropping out of high school by 39%^[8].

Vanessa Siddle Walker^[9], a professor of African American educational studies, summarizes three goals of inclusive education: access, aspiration and advocacy^[10]. Access is using the same buildings and educational resources as other neighborhood children. Advocacy is having leaders who inform and support Black children. And aspiration is offering Black children models of what success can look like as adults.

Black children in segregated schools did not have access to the same buildings and educational resources as white children. Desegregation was an attempt to solve the access barriers and a step forward from the worst educational^[11] inequities^[12] under Jim Crow^[13].

But inequities and segregation persist^[14]. Many of today’s K-12 public school students have teachers who are unprepared and unable^[15] to inform and support Black students’ realities of being Black. Nor can they offer examples of what success looks like for Black adults. Black teachers comprise just 7% of U.S. public school teachers^[16] even though 16% of their students are Black.

Furthermore, the messages within schools since integration have not supported Black children in general. We believe desegregated schools today are systemically racist^[17]. For example, most history lessons don’t teach a true picture^[18] of what enslaved people experienced in the founding of this country. And generally, school curriculum paints racism as a thing of the past – ignoring the racism that Black people experience now. Most teachers lack specific training^[19] in anti-racist and inclusive teaching and learning.

Anti-Black bias is also visible when school dress codes don’t allow Black hairstyles^[20] like dreadlocks or braids. Unfair disciplinary approaches^[21] mean Black students are more likely to be suspended than white students. This punitive focus feeds the school-to-prison pipeline^[22] in which Black students are overrepresented in the criminal justice system starting with school disciplinary actions.

Other examples include lower teacher expectations^[23] of Black students compared to white students. Researchers have shown that communities and school zones^[24] with higher levels of anti-Black bias also have lower Black student test scores.

Law professor and author Patricia Williams^[25] coined the phrase “spirit murdering^[26]” to recognize the devastating impact^[27] this education system has on Black people. Bettina Love^[28], a professor of educational reform and abolitionist teaching, expands on this by saying^[29], “Racism is more than physical pain; racism robs dark people of their humanity and dignity.”

Indigenous, bilingual and deaf students

These losses in the move toward school integration also apply to other underrepresented students throughout the U.S.

Indian Residential Schools were established in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to forcibly assimilate Native American children^[31] into Euro-American culture.

For today’s students who aren’t native English speakers, bilingual language policies in the U.S. have usually focused on English fluency^[32] rather than supporting continued fluency in the native language as well.

Meanwhile, schools for deaf and hard of hearing children are closing^[33]. That’s partly because small, specialized schools are expensive^[34], and partly because placement decisions by special education teams increasingly send these kids to local schools first^[35]. Special education law^[36] requires that – to the maximum extent possible – students with disabilities are educated with children without disabilities.

In all of these cases, students on the margins have much less direct access to adults with similar life experiences.

More inclusive classrooms

There are many ways to make today’s classrooms more inclusive.

School leaders – from teachers and principals to district superintendents – can partner with local communities to determine how to improve their children’s schools. One solution is for every school to have role models that represent a school’s diversity - such as Black, deaf and Indigenous.

Curriculum designers can rely on more Black and other diverse perspectives to help address the historical whitewashing of U.S. history^[37] and integrate horrific events such as the Tulsa Race Massacre^[38].

Training programs can better prepare all teachers to teach about race and diversity, and to support marginalized students.

In short, we believe current practices are spirit-killing: They bulldoze over children, families and communities^[39], leaving them academically traumatized and fighting to be seen and heard. The above recommendations come from a perspective of spirit-uplifting instead.

Most importantly, we believe society needs to admit that the experiment of desegregation has not solved the problem. It has not led to true abolition, inclusion and deep learning in U.S. public education for children who are Black, Indigenous, bilingual, deaf or have disabilities.

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References

1. ^{^} no longer legal (www.uscourts.gov)
2. ^{^} do not experience (www.npr.org)
3. ^{^} inclusive education (www.inclusivefaculty.com)
4. ^{^} Black and deaf students (www.drlissad.com)
5. ^{^} Brown v. Board of Education (www.oyez.org)
6. ^{^} Black experience (medium.com)
7. ^{^} role modeling confidence (whyy.org)
8. ^{^} by 39% (www.npr.org)
9. ^{^} Vanessa Siddle Walker (aas.emory.edu)
10. ^{^} access, aspiration and advocacy (www.gse.harvard.edu)
11. ^{^} worst educational (www.nytimes.com)
12. ^{^} inequities (www.loc.gov)
13. ^{^} under Jim Crow (www.pbs.org)
14. ^{^} inequities and segregation persist (www.epi.org)
15. ^{^} unprepared and unable (www.edweek.org)
16. ^{^} 7% of U.S. public school teachers (doi.org)
17. ^{^} systemically racist (www.gse.harvard.edu)
18. ^{^} don’t teach a true picture (www.splcenter.org)
19. ^{^} lack specific training (doi.org)
20. ^{^} don’t allow Black hairstyles (www.chalkbeat.org)
21. ^{^} Unfair disciplinary approaches (nypost.com)
22. ^{^} school-to-prison pipeline (www.parents.com)
23. ^{^} lower teacher expectations (www.insidehighered.com)
24. ^{^} communities and school zones (www.brookings.edu)
25. ^{^} Patricia Williams (www.hup.harvard.edu)
26. ^{^} spirit murdering (repository.law.miami.edu)
27. ^{^} devastating impact (www.edelements.com)
28. ^{^} Bettina Love (bettinalove.com)
29. ^{^} by saying (www.edweek.org)
30. ^{^} Spencer Platt/Getty Images (www.gettyimages.com)
31. ^{^} assimilate Native American children (www.theatlantic.com)
32. ^{^} English fluency (doi.org)
33. ^{^} are closing (academic.oup.com)
34. ^{^} are expensive (lao.ca.gov)
35. ^{^} local schools first (academic.oup.com)
36. ^{^} Special education law (sites.ed.gov)
37. ^{^} historical whitewashing of U.S. history (doi.org)
38. ^{^} Tulsa Race Massacre (theconversation.com)
39. ^{^} bulldoze over children, families and communities (www.edweek.org)
40. ^{^} Sign up for our weekly newsletter (theconversation.com)